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<title>Ice skating</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ice skating</span></span>

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<p><b>Ice skating</b> is the <a href="Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">self-propulsion</a> and gliding of a person across an <a href="Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> surface, using metal-bladed <a href="Ice_skate" title="Ice skate">ice skates</a>. People skate for various reasons, including recreation (fun), exercise, competitive sports, and <a href="Commuting" title="Commuting">commuting</a>. Ice skating may be performed on naturally frozen bodies of water, such as ponds, lakes, canals, and rivers, and on human-made ice surfaces both indoors and outdoors.

</p><p>Natural ice surfaces used by skaters can accommodate a variety of winter sports which generally require an enclosed area, but are also used by skaters who need <a href="Ice_rink#Tracks_and_trails" title="Ice rink">ice tracks and trails</a> for <a href="Tour_skating" title="Tour skating">distance skating</a> and <a href="Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">speed skating</a>. Man-made ice surfaces include <a href="Ice_rink" title="Ice rink">ice rinks</a>, <a href="Ice_hockey_rink" title="Ice hockey rink">ice hockey rinks</a>, <a href="Bandy_field" title="Bandy field">bandy fields</a>, ice tracks required for the sport of <a href="Ice_cross_downhill" title="Ice cross downhill">ice cross downhill</a>, and <a href="Arena" title="Arena">arenas</a>.

</p><p>Various formal sports involving ice skating have emerged since the 19th century. <a href="Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a>, <a href="Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a>, <a href="Rinkball" title="Rinkball">rinkball</a>, and <a href="Ringette" title="Ringette">ringette</a> are team sports played with, respectively, a flat sliding puck, a ball, and a rubber ring. <a href="Synchronized_skating" title="Synchronized skating">Synchronized skating</a> is a unique artistic team sport derived from <a href="Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a>. Figure skating, <a href="Ice_cross_downhill" title="Ice cross downhill">ice cross downhill</a>, <a href="Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">speed skating</a>, and <a href="Barrel_jumping" title="Barrel jumping">barrel jumping</a> (a discipline of speed skating) are among the sporting disciplines for individuals.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_of_ice_skating">Early history of ice skating</h3></div>

<p>Research<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that the earliest ice skating happened in southern <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> more than 4,000 years ago. This was done to save energy during winter journeys. True skating emerged when a steel blade with sharpened edges was used. Skates now cut into the ice instead of gliding on top of it. The <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> added edges to <a href="Ice_skate" title="Ice skate">ice skates</a> in the 13th or 14th century. These ice skates were made of steel, with sharpened edges on the bottom to aid movement.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The fundamental construction of modern ice skates has stayed largely the same since then, although differing greatly in the details, particularly in the method of binding and the shape and construction of the steel blades. In the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, ice skating was considered proper for all classes of people, as shown in many pictures from <a href="Dutch_Golden_Age_painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Golden Age painter">Dutch Golden Age painters</a>.

</p><p>Ice skating was also practiced in China during the <a href="Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, and became popular among the ruling family of the <a href="Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pdo130220_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdo130220-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient ice skates, made of animal bones, were found at the bronze age Gaotai Ruins in <a href="North_West_China" class="mw-redirect" title="North West China">north west China</a>, and are estimated to be likely 3,500 years old. Archeologists say these ancient skates are "clear evidence for communication between <a href="China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>" in the <a href="Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age era</a>, as they are very similar to bone skates unearthed in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rising_popularity_and_first_clubs">Rising popularity and first clubs</h3></div>

<p>In England "the London boys" had improvised butcher's bones as skates since the 12th century. Skating on metal skates seems to have arrived in England at the same time as the <a href="Garden_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden canal">garden canal</a>, with the <a href="English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a> in 1660, after the king and court returned from an exile largely spent in the Netherlands. In London the ornamental "canal" in <a href="St_James's_Park" title="St James's Park">St James's Park</a> was the main centre until the 19th century. Both <a href="Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> and <a href="John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a>, the two leading diarists of the day, saw it on the "new canal" there on 1 December 1662, the first time Pepys had ever seen it ("a very pretty art"). Then it was "performed before their Majesties and others, by diverse gentlemen and others, with scheets after the manner of the Hollanders". Two weeks later, on 15 December 1662, Pepys accompanied the Duke of York, later King <a href="James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>, on a skating outing: "To the Duke, and followed him in the Park, when, though the ice was broken, he would go slide upon his skates, which I did not like; but he slides very well." In 1711 <a href="Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> still thinks the sport might be unfamiliar to <a href="Esther_Johnson" title="Esther Johnson">his "Stella"</a>, writing to her: "Delicate walking weather; and the Canal and Rosamund's Pond full of the rabble and with skates, <i>if you know what that is</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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The first organised <a href="Figure_skating_club" title="Figure skating club">skating club</a> was the <a href="Edinburgh_Skating_Club" title="Edinburgh Skating Club">Edinburgh Skating Club</a>, formed in the 1740s; some claim the club was established as early as 1642.<sup id="cite_ref-skating_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skating-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p>An early contemporary reference to the club appeared in the second edition (1783) of the <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>:

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</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The metropolis of Scotland has produced more instances of elegant skaters than perhaps any country whatever: and the institution of a skating club about 40 years ago has contributed not a little to the improvement of this elegant amusement.<sup id="cite_ref-skating_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skating-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>From this description and others, it is apparent that the form of skating practiced by club members was indeed an early form of <a href="Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a> rather than <a href="Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">speed skating</a>. For admission to the club, candidates had to pass a skating test where they performed a complete circle on either foot (e.g., a <a href="Compulsory_figures" title="Compulsory figures">figure eight</a>), and then jumped over first one hat, then two and three, placed over each other on the ice.<sup id="cite_ref-skating_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skating-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On the <a href="Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continent</a>, participation in ice skating was limited to members of the upper classes. Emperor <a href="Rudolf_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a> of the <a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> enjoyed ice skating so much, he had a large ice carnival constructed in his court in order to popularise the sport. King <a href="Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> of France brought ice skating to <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> during his reign. <a href="Madame_de_Pompadour" title="Madame de Pompadour">Madame de Pompadour</a>, <a href="Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a>, <a href="Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, and the <a href="House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> were, among others, royal and upper-class fans of ice skating.

</p><p>The next skating club to be established was in <a href="London" title="London">London</a> and was not founded until 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-skating_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skating-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members wore a silver skate hanging from their buttonhole and met on The Serpentine, <a href="Hyde_Park%2C_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> on 27 December 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

By the mid-19th century, ice skating was a popular pastime among the British upper and middle classes. <a href="Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> became acquainted with her future husband, <a href="Albert%2C_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>, through a series of ice skating trips.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert continued to skate after their marriage and on falling through the ice was once rescued by Victoria and a lady in waiting from a stretch of water in the grounds of <a href="Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>Early attempts at the construction of artificial ice rinks were made during the "rink mania" of 1841–44. As the technology for the maintenance of natural ice did not exist, these early rinks used a substitute consisting of a mixture of hog's <a href="Lard" title="Lard">lard</a> and various salts. An item in the 8 May 1844 issue of Littell's 'Living Age' headed the '<a href="Glaciarium" title="Glaciarium">Glaciarium</a>' reported that "This establishment, which has been removed to Grafton Street East' <a href="Tottenham_Court_Road" title="Tottenham Court Road">Tottenham Court Road</a>, was opened on Monday afternoon. The area of artificial ice is extremely convenient for such as may be desirous of engaging in the graceful and manly pastime of skating."

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_as_a_sport">Emergence as a sport</h3></div>

<p>Skating became popular as a recreation, a means of transport and spectator sport in <a href="Fen_skating" title="Fen skating">The Fens</a> in England for people from all walks of life. Racing was the preserve of workers, most of them agricultural labourers. It is not known when the first skating matches were held, but by the early nineteenth century racing was well established and the results of matches were reported in the press.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skating as a sport developed on the lakes of Scotland and the canals of the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. In the 13th and 14th centuries wood was substituted for bone in skate blades, and in 1572 the first iron skates were manufactured.<sup id="cite_ref-Ice_Skating_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ice_Skating-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the waters froze, skating matches were held in towns and villages all over the Fens. In these local matches men (or sometimes women or children) would compete for prizes of money, clothing, or food.<sup id="cite_ref-Cycling,_19_January_1895,_p_19_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cycling,_19_January_1895,_p_19-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The winners of local matches were invited to take part in the grand or championship matches, in which skaters from across the Fens would compete for cash prizes in front of crowds of thousands. The championship matches took the form of a Welsh main or "last man standing" contest (<a href="Single-elimination_tournament" title="Single-elimination tournament">single-elimination tournament</a>). The competitors, 16 or sometimes 32, were paired off in heats and the winner of each heat went through to the next round. A course of 660 yards was measured out on the ice, and a barrel with a flag on it placed at either end. For a one-and-a-half-mile race the skaters completed two rounds of the course, with three barrel turns.<sup id="cite_ref-Cycling,_19_January_1895,_p_19_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cycling,_19_January_1895,_p_19-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>In the Fens, skates were called <a href="Patten_(shoe)#Other_uses_of_the_term" title="Patten (shoe)">pattens</a>, fen runners, or <a href="Whittlesey" title="Whittlesey">Whittlesey</a> runners. The footstock was made of <a href="Beech_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Beech tree">beechwood</a>. A screw at the back was screwed into the heel of the boot, and three small spikes at the front kept the skate steady. There were holes in the footstock for leather straps to fasten it to the foot. The metal blades were slightly higher at the back than the front. In the 1890s, fen skaters started to race in Norwegian style skates.

</p><p>On Saturday 1 February 1879, a number of professional ice skaters from <a href="Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a> and <a href="Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a> met in the Guildhall, Cambridge, to set up the <a href="National_Ice_Skating_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Ice Skating Association">National Skating Association</a>, the first national ice skating body in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founding committee consisted of several landowners, a vicar, a fellow of <a href="Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a>, a magistrate, two members of parliament, the mayor of <a href="Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, the Lord Lieutenant of Cambridge, journalist James Drake Digby, the president of <a href="Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> Skating Club, and Neville Goodman, a graduate of <a href="Peterhouse%2C_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse, Cambridge</a> (and son of <a href="Potto_Brown" title="Potto Brown">Potto Brown</a>'s milling partner, Joseph Goodman).<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly formed Association held their first one-and-a-half-mile British professional championship at Thorney in December 1879.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Figure_skating">Figure skating</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">Figure skating</a></div>

<p>The first instructional book concerning ice skating was published in London in 1772. The book titled <i>The Art of Figure Skating</i>, written by a British artillery lieutenant, Robert Jones, describes basic <a href="Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a> forms such as circles and figure eights. The book was written solely for men, as women did not normally ice skate in the late 18th century. It was with the publication of this manual that ice skating split into its two main disciplines, speed skating and figure skating.

</p><p>The founder of modern figure skating as it is known today was <a href="Jackson_Haines" title="Jackson Haines">Jackson Haines</a>, an American. He was the first skater to incorporate ballet and dance movements into his skating, as opposed to focusing on tracing patterns on the ice. Haines also invented the <a href="Sit_spin" title="Sit spin">sit spin</a> and developed a shorter, curved blade for figure skating that allowed for easier turns. He was also the first to wear blades that were permanently attached to the boot.

</p><p>The <a href="International_Skating_Union" title="International Skating Union">International Skating Union</a> was founded in 1892 as the first international ice skating organisation in <a href="Scheveningen" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a>, in the Netherlands. The Union created the first codified set of figure skating rules and governed international competition in speed and figure skating. The first Championship, known as the Championship of the Internationale Eislauf-Vereinigung, was held in <a href="Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in 1896. The event had four competitors and was won by <a href="Gilbert_Fuchs" title="Gilbert Fuchs">Gilbert Fuchs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_mechanics_of_skating"> Physical mechanics of skating</h2></div>

<p>A skate can glide over ice because there is a layer of ice molecules on the surface that are not as tightly bound as the molecules of the mass of ice beneath. These molecules are in a semiliquid state, providing lubrication. The molecules in this "quasi-fluid" or "water-like" layer are less mobile than liquid water, but are much more mobile than the molecules deeper in the ice. At about −157 °C (−250 °F) the slippery layer is one molecule thick; as the temperature increases the slippery layer becomes thicker.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt060221_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt060221-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SS97_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS97-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PPG121223_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPG121223-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-explorat_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explorat-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SN9612_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SN9612-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It had long been believed that ice is slippery because the pressure of an object in contact with it causes a thin layer to melt. The hypothesis was that the blade of an ice skate, exerting pressure on the ice, melts a thin layer, providing lubrication between the ice and the blade. This explanation, called "<a href="Pressure_melting_point" title="Pressure melting point">pressure melting</a>", originated in the 19th century. (See <a href="Regelation" title="Regelation">Regelation</a>.) Pressure melting could not account for skating on ice temperatures lower than −3.5 °C, whereas skaters often skate on lower-temperature ice.<sup id="cite_ref-PT0512_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PT0512-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the 20th century, an alternative explanation, called "<a href="Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> melting", proposed by Lozowski, Szilder, Le Berre, <a href="Yves_Pomeau" title="Yves Pomeau">Pomeau</a>, and others showed that because of the <a href="Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a> frictional heating, a macroscopic layer of melt ice is in-between the ice and the skate. With this they fully explained the low friction with nothing else but macroscopic physics, whereby the frictional heat generated between skate and ice melts a layer of ice.<sup id="cite_ref-Lozowski_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lozowski-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berre_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berre-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scipost_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scipost-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a self-stabilizing mechanism of skating. If by fluctuation the friction gets high, the layer grows in thickness and lowers the friction, and if it gets low, the layer decreases in thickness and increases the friction. The friction generated in the sheared layer of water between skate and ice grows as <i>√V</i> with <i>V</i> the velocity of the skater, such that for low velocities the friction is also low.

</p><p>Whatever the origin of the water layer, skating is more destructive than simply gliding. A skater leaves a visible trail behind on virgin ice and skating rinks have to be regularly resurfaced to improve the skating conditions. It means that the <a href="Deformation_(engineering)" title="Deformation (engineering)">deformation</a> caused by the skate is plastic rather than elastic. The skate ploughs through the ice in particular due to the sharp edges. <a href="J.M.J._van_Leeuwen" class="mw-redirect" title="J.M.J. van Leeuwen">Van Leeuwen</a> proposed that another component has to be added to the friction: the "ploughing friction".<sup id="cite_ref-Scipost_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scipost-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EPN_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPN-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The calculated frictions are of the same order as the measured frictions in real skating in a rink.<sup id="cite_ref-Koning_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koning-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ploughing friction decreases with the velocity <i>V</i>, since the pressure in the water layer increases with V and lifts the skate (<a href="Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">aquaplaning</a>). As a result the sum of the water-layer friction and the ploughing friction only increases slightly with <i>V</i>, making skating at high speeds (>90 km/h) possible.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inherent_safety_risks">Inherent safety risks</h2></div>

<p>A person's ability to ice skate depends on the roughness of the ice, the design of the ice skate, and the skill and experience of the skater. While serious injury is rare, a number of <a href="Short_track_speed_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Short track speed skating">short track speed skaters</a> have been <a href="Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysed</a> after a heavy fall when they collided with the boarding. A fall can be fatal if a <a href="Helmet" title="Helmet">helmet</a> is not worn to protect against severe <a href="Head_injury" title="Head injury">head injury</a>. Accidents are rare but there is a risk of injury from collisions, particularly during hockey games or in <a href="Pair_skating" title="Pair skating">pair skating</a>.

</p><p>A significant danger when skating outdoors on a frozen body of water is falling through the ice into the freezing water underneath. Death can result from <a href="Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">shock</a>, <a href="Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>, or <a href="Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a>. It is often difficult or impossible for the skater to climb out of the water, due to the weight of their ice skates and thick winter clothing, and the ice repeatedly breaking as they struggle to get back onto the surface. Also, if the skater becomes disoriented under the water, they might not be able to find the hole in the ice through which they have fallen. Although this can prove fatal, it is also possible for the rapid cooling to produce a condition in which a person can be revived up to hours after falling into the water. Experts have warned not to ice skate alone, and also warned parents not to leave children unattended on a frozen body of water.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communal_activities_on_ice">Communal activities on ice</h2></div>

<p>A number of recreational and sporting activities take place on ice:

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_skating">Ice skating</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Fen_skating" title="Fen skating">Fen skating</a> – a traditional form of ice skating in the <a href="The_Fens" title="The Fens">Fenland</a> of England which involved skating races and matches held in towns and villages all over the Fens</li>

<li><a href="Tour_skating" title="Tour skating">Tour skating</a> – recreational and competitive long-distance skating outdoors on open areas of natural ice</li>

<li><a href="Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">Speed skating</a> – competitive form of ice skating in which contenders race over fixed distances, short track and long track versions</li>

<li><a href="Barrel_jumping" title="Barrel jumping">Barrel jumping</a> – a speed skating discipline in which skaters jump over a length of multiple barrels<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">Figure skating</a> – winter sport with multiple disciplines: men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, ice dance, and <a href="Synchronized_skating" title="Synchronized skating">synchronized skating</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a> – non-contact team sport similar to ice hockey, but using a bandy ball and played on a large ice field</li>

<li><a href="Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> – fast-paced contact team sport, using a vulcanized rubber puck, usually played on a special ice hockey rink</li>

<li><a href="Rink_bandy" title="Rink bandy">Rink bandy</a> – a form of bandy that can be played on a standard ice hockey rink</li>

<li><a href="Rinkball" title="Rinkball">Rinkball</a> – non-contact team sport using a bandy ball with combined elements from bandy and ice hockey</li>

<li><a href="Ringette" title="Ringette">Ringette</a> – non-contact team sport using a rubber pneumatic ring instead of a ball or puck</li>

<li><a href="Ice_cross_downhill" title="Ice cross downhill">Ice cross downhill</a> – competitive extreme sport featuring downhill skating on a walled track</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_skating">No skating</h3></div>

<p>The following sports and games are also played on ice, but players are not required to wear ice skates.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Ice_cricket" title="Ice cricket">Ice cricket</a> - a variant of the English game of cricket played in harsh wintry conditions</li>

<li><a href="Spongee" title="Spongee">Spongee</a> – an outdoor team sport which is a non-contact variant of ice hockey played on outdoor ice hockey rinks</li>

<li><a href="Broomball" title="Broomball">Broomball</a> – a team sport played on ice hockey rinks using sticks with paddles to propel a ball into the opposing team's net</li>

<li><a href="Moscow_broomball" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow broomball">Moscow broomball</a> – an outdoor team game played using ice hockey equipment and a ball played at the Russian embassy on frozen outdoor courts flooded with water</li>

<li><a href="Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a> – a team sport using "rocks" and lanes and a target</li>

<li><a href="Ice_stock_sport" title="Ice stock sport">Ice stock</a> – a team sport using lanes and a target</li>

<li><a href="Crokicurl" title="Crokicurl">Crokicurl</a> – an outdoor team sport using "rocks" on an octagonal playing area with posts and a target</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Ice_cross_downhill" title="Ice cross downhill">Ice cross downhill</a><br>(Individual)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">Figure skating</a><br>(Individual, Pairs)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Synchronized_skating" title="Synchronized skating">Synchronized skating</a><br>(Team)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a><br>(Team)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Rink_bandy" title="Rink bandy">Rink bandy</a><br>(Team)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a><br>(Team)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Ringette" title="Ringette">Ringette</a><br> (Team)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Tour_skating" title="Tour skating">Tour skating</a><br>(Individual)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Fen_skating" title="Fen skating">Fen skating</a><br> (Individual)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">Speed skating</a><br> (Individual)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Short_track_speed_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Short track speed skating">Short track speed skating</a><br>(Individual, Team Relay)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Barrel_jumping" title="Barrel jumping">Barrel jumping</a><br> (Individual)</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Ice skater on <a href="Lake_Neusiedl" title="Lake Neusiedl">Lake Neusiedl</a>.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><i>Skating in Central Park</i> (1900), one minute silent film by Frank S. Armitage. <a href="EYE_Film_Institute_Netherlands" title="EYE Film Institute Netherlands">EYE Film Institute Netherlands</a>.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Documentary on the World Championship Skating for Women at <a href="Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> in 1971.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<ul><li><a href="Fen_skating" title="Fen skating">Fen skating</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_resurfacer" title="Ice resurfacer">Ice resurfacer</a></li>

<li><a href="Kite_ice_skating" title="Kite ice skating">Kite ice skating</a></li>

<li><a href="Lidwina" title="Lidwina">Lidwina</a>, <a href="Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of ice skaters</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080104-first-skates.html">Bone Ice Skates Invented by Ancient Finns, Study Says</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221131850/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/01/080104-first-skates.html">Archived</a> 2014-02-21 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, nationalgeographic.com</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBrokaw1910" class="citation book cs1">Brokaw, Irving (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8lMAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Art of Skating: Its History and Development, with Practical Directions</i></a>. Letchworth at the Arden Press & Fetter Lane. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8lMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12">12</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413055940/https://books.google.com/books?id=F8lMAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-pdo130220-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pdo130220_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/102774/8135494.html">"'Imperial' ice skating"</a>. <i>People's Daily Online</i>. 20 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317003728/http://en.people.cn/102774/8135494.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2016.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iflscience.com/animal-bone-ice-skates-dating-back-3-500-years-found-in-china-67780">"Animal Bone Ice Skates Dating Back 3,500 Years Found In China"</a>. <i>IFLScience</i>. 2 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Metcalfe2023" class="citation web cs1">Tom Metcalfe (7 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/bronze-age-ice-skates-with-bone-blades-discovered-in-china">"Bronze Age ice skates with bone blades discovered in China"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Jacob_Larwood" title="Jacob Larwood">Larwood, Jacob</a>, <i>St. James's Park</i>, Vol. 2 of <i>The Story of the London Parks</i>, 118-119, 1872, Hotwood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxEHAAAAQAAJ&dq=skating+St+James's+Park+canal&pg=PA118">google books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413055955/https://books.google.com/books?id=pxEHAAAAQAAJ&dq=skating+St+James%27s+Park+canal&pg=PA118">Archived</a> 13 April 2023 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Larwood notes that Rosamund's Pond was also in St James's Park, see pp. 85 (map), 87.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2007" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Mary Louise (2007). "The manly history of a 'girls' sport': Gender, class and the development of nineteenth-century figure skating". <i>International Journal of the History of Sport</i>. <b>24</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">872–</span>838. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09523360701311752">10.1080/09523360701311752</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143833638">143833638</a> – via Taylor & Francis.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-skating-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skating_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skating_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skating_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skating_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"In The Beginning...", <i>Skating</i> magazine, Jun 1970</span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBird" class="citation web cs1">Bird, Denis L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iceskating.org.uk/about-ice-skating">"A Brief History of Ice and the National Ice Skating Association of Great Britain"</a>. <a href="British_Ice_Skating" title="British Ice Skating">NISA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005170117/https://www.iceskating.org.uk/about-ice-skating">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/figure-skating">"Figure Skating"</a>. <i><a href="The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726173625/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/figure-skating">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Skaiting Club". <i>Bristol Mirror</i>. 1 January 1831. p. 1.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.followthebrownsigns.com/ice-skating/">"Ice Skating"</a>. <i>followthebrownsigns.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028155237/http://www.followthebrownsigns.com/ice-skating/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1">"British News". <i>The Atlas</i>. 13 February 1841. p. 5.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Handbook-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGoodmanGoodman1882" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Neville; Goodman, Albert (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookfenskat00goodgoog"><i>Handbook of Fen Skating</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green and Co. <a href="OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25422698M">25422698M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610205539/https://archive.org/details/handbookfenskat00goodgoog">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Ice_Skating-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ice_Skating_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreiff" class="citation web cs1">Greiff, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/ice-skating/">"History of Ice Skating"</a>. <a href="Scholastic_Corporation" title="Scholastic Corporation">Scholastic Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172243/https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/ice-skating/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Cycling,_19_January_1895,_p_19-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cycling,_19_January_1895,_p_19_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cycling,_19_January_1895,_p_19_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cycling</i>, 19 January 1895, p 19.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028175114/https://www.iceskating.org.uk/node/6297">"The History of Long Track Speed Skating"</a>. <a href="British_Ice_Skating" title="British Ice Skating">NISA</a>. 18 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iceskating.org.uk/node/6297">the original</a> on 28 October 2014.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Bird-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bird_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DL Bird 1979 <i>Our Skating Heritage</i>. London.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hines, p.75</span>

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<li id="cite_note-nyt060221-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt060221_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChang2006" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (21 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/21/science/21ice.html">"Explaining Ice: The Answers Are Slippery"</a>. <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211055112/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/21/science/21ice.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2008.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-SS97-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SS97_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSomorjai1997" class="citation journal cs1">Somorjai, G.A. (10 June 1997). "Molecular surface structure of ice(0001): dynamical low-energy electron diffraction, total-energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations". <i>Surface Science</i>. <b>381</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">190–</span>210. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997SurSc.381..190M">1997SurSc.381..190M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0039-6028%2897%2900090-3">10.1016/S0039-6028(97)00090-3</a>. <q>Most studies so far were performed at temperatures well above 240 K (−33 °C) and report the presence of a liquid or quasiliquid layer on ice. Those studies that went below this temperature do not suggest a liquid-like layer.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-PPG121223-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PPG121223_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2012" class="citation news cs1">Roth, Mark (23 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2012/12/23/Pitt-physics-professor-explains-the-science-of-skating-across-the-ice/stories/201212230227">"Pitt physics professor explains the science of skating across the ice"</a>. <i><a href="Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715060239/https://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2012/12/23/Pitt-physics-professor-explains-the-science-of-skating-across-the-ice/stories/201212230227">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2021</span>. <q>It used to be thought ... that the reason skaters can glide gracefully across the ice is because the pressure they exert on the sharp blades creates a thin layer of liquid on top of the ice... More recent research has shown, though, that this property isn't why skaters can slide on the ice... It turns out that at the very surface of the ice, water molecules exist in a state somewhere between a pure liquid and a pure solid. <i>It's not exactly water – but it's like water. The atoms in this layer are 100,000 times more mobile than the atoms [deeper] in the ice, but they're still 25 times less mobile than atoms in water. So it's like proto-water, and that's what we're really skimming on.</i></q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-explorat-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-explorat_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exploratorium.edu/hockey/ice2.html">"Slippery All the Time"</a>. <a href="Exploratorium" title="Exploratorium">Exploratorium</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120719170256/https://www.exploratorium.edu/hockey/ice2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2012. <q>Professor Somorjai's findings indicate that ice itself is slippery. You don't need to melt the ice to skate on it, or need a layer of water as a lubricant to help slide along the ice... the "quasi-fluid" or "water-like" layer exists on the surface of the ice and may be thicker or thinner depending on temperature. At about 250 degrees below zero Fahrenheit (−157 °C), the ice has a slippery layer one molecule thick. As the ice is warmed, the number of these slippery layers increases.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SN9612-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SN9612_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFScience_News_Staff1996" class="citation news cs1">Science News Staff (9 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/getting-grip-ice">"Getting a Grip on Ice"</a>. <i>Science NOW</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221202140418/https://www.science.org/content/article/getting-grip-ice">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-PT0512-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PT0512_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg, Robert (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lptms.u-psud.fr/membres/trizac/Ens/L3FIP/Ice.pdf">"Why is ice slippery?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="Physics_Today" title="Physics Today">Physics Today</a></i>. <b>58</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">50–</span>54. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhT....58l..50R">2005PhT....58l..50R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2169444">10.1063/1.2169444</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223210434/http://lptms.u-psud.fr/membres/trizac/Ens/L3FIP/Ice.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lozowski-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lozowski_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLozowskiSzilder2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lozowski, E.P.; Szilder, K. (June 2013). "Derivation and new analysis of a hydrodynamic model of speed skate ice friction". <i>International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering</i>. <b>23</b>: 104.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Berre-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berre_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLe_BerrePomeau2015" class="citation journal cs1">Le Berre, M.; Pomeau, Y. (October 2015). "Theory of ice-skating". <i>International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics</i>. <b>75</b>: <span class="nowrap">77–</span>86. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.00323">1502.00323</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IJNLM..75...77L">2015IJNLM..75...77L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijnonlinmec.2015.02.004">10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2015.02.004</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119278597">119278597</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Scipost-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scipost_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scipost_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Leeuwen2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Hans_van_Leeuwen_(physicist)" title="Hans van Leeuwen (physicist)">van Leeuwen, J.M.J.</a> (23 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scipost.org/SciPostPhys.3.6.042">"Skating on slippery ice"</a>. <i>SciPost Physics</i>. <b>03</b> (6): 043. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.08278">1706.08278</a></span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ScPP....3...42V">2017ScPP....3...42V</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21468%2FSciPostPhys.3.6.042">10.21468/SciPostPhys.3.6.042</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54066700">54066700</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506015426/https://scipost.org/SciPostPhys.3.6.042">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EPN-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPN_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOosterkampBoudewijnvan_Leeuwen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Oosterkamp, T.H.; Boudewijn, T.; van Leeuwen, J.M.J. (12 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fepn%2F2019104">"Skating on slippery ice"</a>. <i>Europhysics News</i>. <b>50</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>32. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ENews..50a..28O">2019ENews..50a..28O</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fepn%2F2019104">10.1051/epn/2019104</a></span>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F80098">1887/80098</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Koning-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koning_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_Koningde_Grootvan_Ingen_Schenau1992" class="citation journal cs1">de Koning, J.J.; de Groot, G.; van Ingen Schenau, G.J. (June 1992). "Ice friction during speed skating". <i>Journal of Biomechanics</i>. <b>25</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">565–</span>571. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9290%2892%2990099-m">10.1016/0021-9290(92)90099-m</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1517252">1517252</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishpathe.com/video/world-barrel-jumping-championships">"World Barrel Jumping Championships 1958"</a>. <a href="Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">British Pathé</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202211/https://www.britishpathe.com/video/world-barrel-jumping-championships">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ice_skating" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Ice skating">Ice skating</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ice_skating" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:ice skating">ice skating</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ice_skating#Q779272" class="extiw external" title="wikivoyage:Ice skating">Ice skating</a></b></i>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629193459/https://www.skridsko.net/klubbar/data/science.html">Skating and Science</a> (a bibliography)</li>

<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Skating"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Skating">"Skating" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="30px_Winter_Olympic_sports137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Winter_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympic sports">Winter Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biathlon" title="Biathlon">Biathlon</a></li>

<li><a href="Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh">Bobsleigh</a>

<ul><li><a href="Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">skeleton</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a></li>

<li><a href="Short-track_speed_skating" title="Short-track speed skating">short-track</a></li>

<li><a href="Long-track_speed_skating" title="Long-track speed skating">long-track</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Skiing" title="Skiing">Skiing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">alpine</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">cross-country</a></li>

<li><a href="Freestyle_skiing" title="Freestyle skiing">freestyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Nordic_combined" title="Nordic combined">Nordic combined</a></li>

<li><a href="Ski_jumping" title="Ski jumping">ski jumping</a></li>

<li><a href="Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">Ski mountaineering</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a> and <a href="Summer_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympic sports">Summer Olympic sports</a></li></ul>

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